Bladder cancer is a malignancy arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder, most commonly from the urothelium, the transitional epithelium lining the bladder lumen. The predominant histological type is urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma occurring less freque…
Bladder cancer is a malignancy arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder, most commonly from the urothelium, the transitional epithelium lining the bladder lumen. The predominant histological type is urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma occurring less frequently. Tumours are classified by how far they invade the bladder wall: non-muscle-invasive disease is confined to the mucosa or lamina propria, whereas muscle-invasive disease penetrates the detrusor muscle and carries a higher risk of spread. Grading reflects the degree of cellular atypia and predicts behaviour. Characteristic presenting features include painless haematuria, urinary frequency, and irritative voiding symptoms, and diagnosis relies on cystoscopy, urine cytology, and imaging, with transurethral resection providing tissue for staging. Established risk factors include tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to aromatic amines and other industrial carcinogens, alongside chronic inflammation and certain infections. Management is stage-dependent and may combine endoscopic resection, intravesical therapy, radical cystectomy, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Because non-muscle-invasive tumours frequently recur, long-term surveillance is integral to care. Research addresses molecular subtyping, biomarkers for early detection and recurrence, bladder-preserving strategies, and the cellular mechanisms driving tumour initiation and progression.
6 peer-reviewed articles, ranked by relevance. Each links to its DOI.
The 6 articles above have been cited 29 times in the scholarly literature. Citation data via OpenAlex and Crossref, updated Jun 2026.
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