The Indian major carp, Labeorohita is a fish of the carp family Cyprinidae, found commonly in rivers and freshwater lakes in and around the South Asia and South-East Asia. It is a herbivore and is treated as a delicacy in Orissa, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. In fact, the Kayastha community of Uttar Pradesh treats it as one of their most sacred foods: to be eaten on all auspicious occasions.

Stock of fish was procured from a local fish farm in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. They were acclimatized to laboratory conditions for about two weeks in well water. During the period of acclimation they were fed on algal and artificial fish feed. Only fish of equal size and weight (20 to 25g) were selected for the experiments.

The percent mortality of L. rohita exposed to different concentrations of chromium was noted. No mortality was noted in 5ppm concentration till 96 hr, whereas 100% mortality occurred in 80 ppm within 24 hr of exposure. The LC₅₀ values for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr are listed in Table 1. The LC₅₀ values observed decreased with increase in the duration of exposure. Total WBC count of L. rohita exposed to different concentrations of hexavalent chromium is exhibited in Figure 1. In the control group of fishes, 6900 cells/mm³ were counted in all the exposure periods. Whereas in toxicant exposed fishes changes were observed. The effect of hexavalent chromium was more in higher concentration of prolonged exposure compared to lower concentration of chromium. The changes were noted in all the concentrations for all exposure periods with increased WBC count.

Table 2 exhibits neutrophil count of L. rohita exposed to different concentrations of hexavalent chromium. The normal neutrophil count is 65%. Hexavalent chromium affected the neutrophil count. When the concentration increased the neutrophil count also increased and increased neutrophil count was also noted with increasing exposure period. Lymphocyte count of L. rohita exposed to different concentrations of hexavalent chromium is presented in Table 2. The increasing concentrations of hexavalent chromium caused decrease in the lymphocyte count. At the same time increase in the exposure period also resulted in a decrease in the lymphocyte count. The depletion of lymphocytes was more in higher concentrations and longer exposure periods.

Eosinophil count of L. rohita exposed to hexavalent chromium is presented in Table 2. The normal count of eosinphil is 4%. The increase in hexavalent chromium concentration and exposure period caused an increase in the eosinophil count. During prolonged exposure at higher concentration, the eosinophil count was more in number. Table 2 presents monocyte count of L. rohita exposed to hexvalent chromium. Change in the monocyte count was found in higher concentration for prolonged exposure periods. During the initial period there were no changes observed in all the concentrations of hexavalent chromium. The changes were observed only after 20 days period of exposure. Concentration of hexavalent chromium had no effect on monocyte count. Regarding exposure period, changes were noted only in 15 and 20 days exposure but not in earlier exposure periods.

Basophil count of L. rohita exposed to hexavalent chromium is shown in Table 2. The basophil count changed only at higher concentrations and prolonged exposure periods. There were no changes observed in initial exposure periods. During prolonged exposure at higher concentration, much increase in basophil count was noticed.

Table 3 exhibits the two way ANOVA for the factors with the variables, exposure period and hexavalent chromium concentration. Variables such as exposure period and hexavalent chromium concentration caused significant variations with neutrophil and lymphocytes which were statistically significant at 5% level while variations for basophil, eosinophil and monocytes were not statistically significant.

The present study reveals that chromium is acutely toxic to the fish L. rohita and the mortality rate increases with increase in the concentration of chromium. The mortality rate also increased with increasing duration of exposure. The LC₅₀value of chromium for 96 hr is 20 mg/l. The LC₅₀ value of chromium for 96 hr is about 6 times higher than that of Lepidocephalichthysthermalis23. Acute toxicity of mercury has been studied in Sarotherodonmossambicus24. The result indicated mercuric chloride impairing oxidative and transphosphorylative activities during acute mercury toxicosis in fish. Toxicity of mercuric chloride to Channa punctatus has been shown to depend upon the concentration and duration of exposure 25. When concentration and duration of exposure increased, the fish exhibited anamolous behaviour and a dose and time dependent mortality rate. The 96 hr LC₅₀Value of zinc to Oreochromis mossambicus was 2 times higher than that of the present study. But the range of toxicity varies for different species and for different toxicants. Furthermore, several factors like pH, hardness, alkalinity, equilibration and kinetics involved in the chemical reaction determine the toxic efficacy.

One of the recent areas of research in toxicology is concerned with the fate of the chemicals inside the organism. A chemical, which enters into an organism in a natural way, has to pass through certain barriers which separate the external medium from the internal medium. The barriers are skin, respiratory surfaces and intestine. Apart from these, blood also carries these toxicants, accumulates at different tissues and alters the haematological parameters. The study relevant to fish blood has been increasingly reported in the field of toxicology and environmental monitoring because it acts as an indicator of physiological and pathological variations. The blood in the gill has direct contact with water medium and any unfavourable change in water could be reflected in the circulatory system. These studies could be used to indicate the health status of fish as well as the water quality 262728.

A toxicologist studying the kinetics or dynamics of a chemical in an organism is interested in knowing the routes of entry, translocation mechanism and the fate of the chemical as to its metabolism, accumulation and elimination. The concentrations of copper, iron, zinc and lead were studied in two important penaeid prawns from Chilka lagoon namely Penaeus monodon and P. indicus. The maximum concentrations of Fe, Zn and Pb in the skeleton of P. monodon were 3.20, 0.125, 0.802 and 0.123 ppm respectively and in P. indicus, they were 2.99, 0.680 and 0.120 ppm respectively 29. Heavy metals are being introduced into aquatic environment through industrial processes; sewage disposal, soil leaching and rain fall. These metals are relatively toxic even at fairly low concentration and affect the survival of fishes and other aquatic organisms 30.

WBCs were found to increase with increasing concentration and duration of exposure to chromium. This may be because of the role of the leucocytes in engulfing the foreign materials resulting in phagocytosis. So this was supported with increasing concentrations and durations, the leucocyte count being increased in Heteropneustesfossilis exposed to carbaryl and methyl parathion pesticides 31. WBCs increased with increasing concentrations and duration of exposure to copper. WBCs also increased with increasing concentration and duration of exposure to Lambda-cyhalothrin 32.

Neutrophils, monocytes and basophils were found to be increased. The level of increase was gradual with increase in the concentration and duration of chromium exposure. DDT induced the haematotoxicity in Clariasbatrachus with gradual decline in total RBC, WBC count, haemoglobin content and oxygen carrying capacity of RBC 33. Elevation of neutrophil count was observed in fish exposed to pesticide 3031. Similar trend was reported in O. mossambicus species. The WBC count increased with increasing duration and concentration of pesticide in the medium 34.

In the present study the gradual decline of lymphocytes was found with increasing concentration and duration of exposure with reference to the control fish. Same results were observed in L. rohita exposed to copper and zinc at neutral and acidic pH 35. Levels of leucocytes were inereased with increase in the toxicant exposure duration and concentration in Cyprinus carpioexposed to mercury 36. Increase in TLC in the test fish could be due to stimulated lymphophoiesis and /or enhanced release of lympohocytes from lymphomyeloid tissues. The increase in lymphocyte number in treated fish is also probably for the removal of cellular debris of necrosed tissue at a quicker rate as reported by McLeay and Brown 37. However it is obvious even at low level, any toxicant will induce the elevation of leucocyte upto a certain level with permissible concentrations. Metals disrupt chemical communication system. Chemical alarm response of juvenile fathead minnows after embryonic copper exposure was reported. Exposure to elevated copper concentrations during embryonic development is sufficient to impair chemosensory function during developing life stages. Inability to detect nearby predators by olfaction could lead to ecological perturbations in populations inhabiting metal contaminated ecosystems 38.

Haematological parameters of the fish are the indicators to find out the quality of the water and health of the fish. Hexavalent chromium caused remarkable changes in different haematological parameters and affected the health of the fish, which led to the death of fish. Thereby the fish becomes unsafe for edible purposes and the water becomes unsuitable for potable and recreation purposes.